电子探针化学测年技术及其在地学中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭国林潘家永  刘成东郭福生 《华东地质学院学报》2005,28(1):39-42

电子探针主要应用于固体无机材料的微区化学成分定量测定和表面形貌研究。近十年来电子探针化学测年技术发展迅速，并取得了丰富的研究成果。本文在简单介绍该技术发展历程后，进一步详细介绍该技术的基本原理、样品制备与分析、年龄计算方法等内容，最后讨论了该技术的优缺点，同时指出电子探针测年技术在地学中的具有广泛的应用前景。  相似文献   

基于主体功能区约束的大气污染物总量控制目标分配研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蒋洪强  张静  卢亚灵  刘年磊 《地域研究与开发》2015,(3)

考虑经济发展水平、污染物排放现状、污染物治理水平、空气质量,特别是国家主体功能区环境目标约束等因素,构建大气污染物排放总量分配的指标体系,用改进的等比例分配方法对2015年国家SO2,NOx总量控制目标进行区域分配。分配结果表明:SO2和NOx削减量大的省份主要集中在华北平原及其周围地区,这些地区污染物排放量大、空气质量较差;削减比例较大的地区主要集中在西部地区以及北京、天津2个直辖市,这些地区单位GDP能耗高、工业污染物去除率低、空气质量差;削减量相对较小的地区主要集中在西南和南部一些省份;削减比例较小的地区主要集中在中南部和南部几个省份,这些地区污染物排放量相对较少,空气质量好于其他省份。  相似文献   

A long‐term study of stable isotopes as tracers of processes governing water flow and quality in a lowland river basin: the upper Thames,UK          下载免费PDF全文

W. George Darling  Michael J. Bowes 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2178-2195

A long‐term study of O, H and C stable isotopes has been undertaken on river waters across the 7000‐km² upper Thames lowland river basin in the southern UK. During the period, flow conditions ranged from drought to flood. A 10‐year monthly record (2003–2012) of the main River Thames showed a maximum variation of 3‰ (δ¹⁸O) and 20‰ (δ²H), although interannual average values varied little around a mean of –6.5‰ (δ¹⁸O) and –44‰ (δ²H). A δ²H/δ¹⁸O slope of 5.3 suggested a degree of evaporative enrichment, consistent with derivation from local rainfall with a weighted mean of –7.2‰ (δ¹⁸O) and –48‰ (δ²H) for the period. A tendency towards isotopic depletion of the river with increasing flow rate was noted, but at very high flows (>100 m³/s), a reversion to the mean was interpreted as the displacement of bank storage by rising groundwater levels (corroborated by measurements of specific electrical conductivity). A shorter quarterly study (October 2011–April 2013) of isotope variations in 15 tributaries with varying geology revealed different responses to evaporation, with a well‐correlated inverse relationship between Δ¹⁸O and baseflow index for most of the rivers. A comparison with aquifer waters in the basin showed that even at low flow, rivers rarely consist solely of isotopically unmodified groundwater. Long‐term monitoring (2003–2007) of carbon stable isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Thames revealed a complex interplay between respiration, photosynthesis and evasion, but with a mean interannual δ¹³C‐DIC value of –14.8 ± 0.5‰, exchange with atmospheric carbon could be ruled out. Quarterly monitoring of the tributaries (October 2011–April 2013) indicated that in addition to the aforementioned factors, river flow variations and catchment characteristics were likely to affect δ¹³C‐DIC. Comparison with basin groundwaters of different alkalinity and δ¹³C‐DIC values showed that the origin of river baseflow is usually obscured. The findings show that long‐term monitoring of environmental tracers can help to improve the understanding of how lowland river catchments function. Copyright © NERC 2015. Hydrological Processes © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Dissolved inorganic carbon evolution in neutral discharge from mine tailings piles          下载免费PDF全文

Hendratta N. Ali  Eliot A. Atekwana 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2079-2091

We measured the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and major ions and the stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (δ¹³C_DIC) in two creeks discharging from carbonate‐rich sulphide‐containing mine tailings piles. Our aim was to assess downstream carbon evolution of the tailings discharge as it interacted with the atmosphere. The discharge had pH of 6.5–8.1 and was saturated with respect to carbonates. Over the reach of one creek, the DIC concentrations decreased by 1.1 mmol C/l and δ¹³C_DIC increased by ~4.0‰ 200 m from the seep source. The decrease in the DIC concentrations was concomitant with decreases in the partial pressure of CO_2(aq) because of the loss of excess CO_2(aq) from the discharge. The corresponding enrichment in the δ¹³C_DIC is because of kinetic isotope fractionation accompanying the loss of CO_2(g). Over the reach of the other creek, there was no significant decrease in the DIC concentrations or notable changes in the δ¹³C_DIC. The insignificant change in the DIC concentrations and the δ¹³C_DIC is because the first water sample was collected 160 m away from the discharge seep, not accessible during this research. In this case, most of the excess CO_2(aq) was lost before our first sampling station. Our results indicate that neutral discharges from tailings piles quickly lose excess CO_2(aq) to the atmosphere and the DIC becomes enrich in ¹³C. We suggest that a significant amount of carbon cycling in neutral discharges from tailings piles occur close to the locations where the discharge seeps to the surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

胡安·德富卡洋脊因代沃段热液黑烟囱体成矿物质来源:硫同位素的限制     

姚会强  周怀阳  彭晓彤  何高文 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(5):25-33

选取胡安·德富卡洋脊(Juan de Fuca Ridge,JDFR)因代沃(Endeavour)段的17个热液黑烟囱体样品对其中的硫同位素进行分析测定,讨论了因代沃段热液活动区内黑烟囱体成矿的物质来源、将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据耦合,并结合前人的成果得到如下认识:(1)因代沃段硫化物的硫同位素组成与其他无沉积物覆盖的洋脊硫化物硫同位素组成相似,然而其相比于南胡安·德富卡洋脊(South Juan de Fuca Ridge,SJFR)硫化物亏损重同位素;(2)结合前人研究成果,如果SJFR硫化物的硫全部来自基底玄武岩的淋洗与海水中的硫酸盐,那么因代沃段硫化物的硫可能有1%~3%来自沉积物的贡献,故提出因代沃段成矿系统中的硫来源主要来自基底玄武岩,同时伴随有少量海水硫酸盐来源及沉积物来源的硫加入;(3)将硫同位素数据与已发表的热液流体及硫化物数据进行耦合发现热液流体中的沉积物信号与硫化物中的硫可能来自不同的源,并提出沉积物端元可能位于下渗区。  相似文献   

湖南宝山矿床花岗岩类硫-铅同位素和流体包裹体研究及其成因意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丁腾  马东升  陆建军  章荣清  谢银财 《矿床地质》2016,35(4):663-676

宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床是湖南重要的铅锌生产基地。矿床内矽卡岩型铜(钼)矿化受侏罗纪花岗闪长斑岩的控制,而主要的铅锌矿体则产于远离岩体的碳酸盐地层中,且缺乏可靠的矿化年龄限制。为了查明宝山铅锌矿体与花岗闪长斑岩之间的成因关系,文章对宝山花岗岩类中浸染状黄铁矿的硫同位素和钾长石的铅同位素,以及铅锌矿石萤石脉石的流体包裹体进行了测试和研究,并与前人报道的铅锌硫化物矿石的硫、铅同位素进行了对比,尝试为宝山铅锌矿化的物质来源及成因提供依据。研究表明,花岗闪长斑岩中浸染状黄铁矿的δ34S值为+1.5‰~+3.5‰,与铅锌矿石硫化物(方铅矿、闪锌矿及黄铁矿)相一致;同时,花岗岩类中钾长石的铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为18.4789~18.7668、15.6835~15.7220和38.7903~39.1035,具有壳源的特征,且与铅锌矿石硫化物的铅同位素分布范围相吻合。宝山矿床的硫、铅同位素特征表明,花岗闪长斑岩应是铅锌矿化的主要硫源及金属来源。宝山矿床铅锌矿石萤石中的流体包裹体具有低温(130~150℃)、低盐度(8%)的特征,可能是岩浆热液演化到晚期的产物。结合已有的有关资料加以对比和分析,研究认为,宝山铅锌矿床的成矿物质应来源于花岗闪长岩的岩浆期后热液,在热液演化晚期迁移到远端地层中沉淀,形成了宝山的主要铅锌矿体。  相似文献   

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床岩浆热液叠加作用——来自闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄及硫同位素的证据   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

赵海杰  余长发  韩心巧  郑伟 《矿床地质》2016,35(4):795-808

广东大降坪硫(铅锌)矿床位于与岩浆作用有关的大绀山多金属矿田的中部,主矿体为赋存在震旦纪变质岩中的层状、透镜状黄铁矿矿体,最近在两个不同产状的黄铁矿矿体下部又新发现了脉状及层状铅锌矿体。文章通过对铅锌矿体的年龄及硫同位素研究,探讨其与主矿体的成因关系,获得了脉状铅锌矿体中闪锌矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(88.5±3.9)Ma,即晚白垩世,与上部黄铁矿矿体的年龄(约630 Ma)相差较大,而与整个大绀山多金属矿田的成矿作用时限一致。三种不同产状的矿体硫同位素组成差异明显:层状黄铁矿矿体富集硫的轻同位素(δ34S=-10.90‰~-25.55‰),且与围岩的硫同位素范围一致,说明硫来自生物的细菌还原硫;透镜状黄铁矿矿体δ34S组成范围较宽(-9.38‰~22.69‰),具多源性硫的特征;铅锌矿体的δ34S在-7.1‰~6.4‰之间变化,硫可能来自深源岩浆,并受围岩成分混染。多方面的证据表明,大降坪黄铁矿矿体下部的铅锌矿体形成于晚白垩世的岩浆热液成矿作用,透镜状黄铁矿矿体受到岩浆热液的叠加。  相似文献   

广西官村岩溶溪流中生物地球化学控制的DIC和NO3-昼夜变化研究     

张陶  蒲俊兵  袁道先  李建鸿 《地质学报》2016,90(8):1965-1976

为了解岩溶区控制溪流中溶解无机碳(DIC)和NO_3~-昼夜变化的生物地球化学过程以及DIC和NO_3~-日变化量,于2014-07-22~2014-07-24期间,在广西壮族自治区融安县官村溪流中包括地下河出口(CK)和下游雷崖村(LY)设置两个监测点同时对水体物理化学参数以及C、N同位素(δ~(13) CDIC、δ~(15) N-NO_3~-和δ~(18) O-NO_3~-)展开了为期2d的高分辨率昼夜监测采样工作。结果发现CK点各物理化学参数没有表现出昼夜变化,但是LY点Ca2+、DIC以及PCO2表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,即白天下降夜间上升且与DO和pH表现出明显的负相关关系。相对于CK点,在白天水生光合生物光合作用导致LY点DIC下降的同时δ~(13) CDIC上升,而在夜间呼吸作用导致LY点DIC上升的同时δ~(13) CDIC下降且部分时间段要低于CK点δ~(13) CDIC值。溪流中的NH4+在监测期间基本上都在下降而NO_3~-离子在夜间和上午时间段都在上升,δ~(15) N-NO_3~-却表现出下降的趋势,且比较接近δ~(15) N-NO_3~-初始值,而NO_3~-离子在下午时间段出现下降的趋势。结果表明溪流中DIC昼夜变化主要受到水生植物的光合作用和呼吸作用控制,且通过质量平衡方程计算得知溪流中由于光合作用吸收无机碳而转为有机碳的量为0.94kgC/d,这部分有机碳可以形成相对长期稳定的自然C汇。溪流在夜间和上午时间段发生了N的硝化作用,增长量为2.08kgN/d,但在下午时间段(12:00~18:00)发生了N的同化作用,损失量为0.42kgN/d。溪流输出的NO_3~--N的量为1.66kgN/d,表明在富碳、富钙的岩溶溪流中,有利于水生光合生物的生长,促进N的同化作用的发生,从而减少溪流输出NO_3~--N的量,说明岩溶区溪流N的生物地球化学过程可能在昼夜尺度上改变水质。  相似文献   

Closely related thyasirid bivalves associate with multiple symbiont phylotypes          下载免费PDF全文

Rebecca T. Batstone  Suzanne C. Dufour 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(5):988-997

Species of thyasirid bivalves are considered to be representative of early stages of chemosymbiosis, given that bacterial symbionts occur outside gill epithelial cells, vary among species in their abundance and nutritional importance, and are environmentally acquired. For these reasons, assessing the extent of host–symbiont specificity in thyasirids could provide valuable information on the evolution of chemosymbiosis. We show that individuals of two closely related and sympatric Thyasira cf. gouldi operational taxonomic units collected from three sites in a fjord in Newfoundland, Canada, associate with one of three distinct, closely related symbiont phylotypes. While associations show some site‐specificity, there is flexibility in host–symbiont pairings within the fjord, further supporting an early and relatively unspecific stage of chemosymbiosis in this family. Morphologic differences observed both within and among symbiont phylotypes suggest physiologic variation, possibly induced by small‐scale differences in sedimentary conditions.  相似文献   

基于无机成因的油气勘查概念模型(BRCF)     

舒思齐  张洪涛  肖序常 《地质通报》2018,37(5):920-929

基于超基性岩蛇纹石化成油理论,根据构造条件和沉积条件,提出了石油勘查概念模型——"BRCF"模型:B代表侵入地壳超基性岩;R代表储油层;C代表盖层;F代表深大断裂。运用该模型分析了波斯湾地区油气田和中国典型油气田油气成藏规律,并预测了中国大陆油气勘查靶区。  相似文献